Journal Guide

Nature Immunology is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes papers of the highest quality and significance in all areas of immunology. Priority is given to work that provides fundamental insight into the workings of the immune system. Areas covered include, but are not limited to, innate immunity and inflammation; development; immune receptors, signaling and apoptosis; antigen presentation; gene regulation and recombination; cellular and systemic immunity; vaccines; immune tolerance; autoimmunity and tumor immunology, microbial immunopathology; and transplantation.Nature Immunology places its highest priority on fair and rapid review and speedy publication. Decisions on whether to send a manuscript out for peer review are normally made within two working days of receipt and decisions about publication are typically made within two days of receipt of the referees' reports.In addition to publishing significant original research, Nature Immunology also publishes commentary, News and Views, brief research notes, historical perspectives, correspondence from readers and reviews of the literature, thus serving as the major conduit of top-quality information for the immunology community.

Nature Medicine is a biomedical research journal devoted to publishing the latest and most exciting advances in biomedical research for scientists and physicians, with an emphasis on clarity of presentation. Articles cover fields such as cancer biology, cardiovascular research, gene therapy, immunology, vaccine development, and neuroscience, aiming to keep Ph.D. and M.D. readers informed of a wide range of biomedical research findings. Original research articles published in Nature Medicine range from basic findings that have clear implications for disease pathogenesis and therapy to the earliest phases of human investigation, and are submitted from research groups at universities, independent research institutions, and biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries world-wide. As a cross-disciplinary journal at the heart of the international biomedical research community, Nature Medicine publishes the most relevant original research articles, news, and commentary that form the foundations of tomorrow's medicine.

We are interested in the best research from across the field of microbiology, with our broad scope ensuring that the work published reaches the widest possible audience.

The ultimate aim of cancer research is to eliminate this common and devastating disease from the human population. To develop more effective prevention methods we need to understand what triggers carcinogenesis. To diagnose precancerous lesions and early-stage cancers quickly and accurately we need to detect the earliest molecular changes leading to each type of cancer. To determine a patient's prognosis we need to appreciate which molecular changes affect tumour growth rate and invasiveness. And to tailor therapies to individual tumours we need to understand the fundamental differences, not only between a cancer cell and a 'normal' cell, but also between one cancer cell and another. All of these goals depend on a combination of basic and applied research. Nature Reviews Cancer will be a gateway from which cancer researchers — from those investigating the molecular basis of cancer to those involved in translational research — access the information that they need to further the ability to diagnose, treat and ultimately prevent cancer.Subjects covered * Genomic instability: chromosomal and microsatellite instabilities; defects in DNA repair pathways. * Growth factor signalling to cell cycle progression: proto-oncogenes and their dysregulation. * Growth inhibitory signals: dysregulation of quiescence and differentiation, tumour suppressors and their inactivation. * Cellular immortality and telomere maintenance. * Cell death: evading apoptosis, including avoidance of immune surveillance systems. * Angiogenesis: sustaining tumour growth by building a vascular system. * Metastasis: moving to and surviving in new environments. * Carcinogenesis and cancer prevention: epidemiology, genetic and environmental triggers, gene–environment interactions and strategies for reducing risk. * Cancer diagnosis and prognosis: molecular markers; diagnostic imaging; defining tumour margins; detecting minimal residual disease. * New approaches to cancer therapy: rational drug design, gene therapy, immunotherapy, combination therapies, combating drug resistance and targeting therapies to the individual. * Experimental systems and techniques: cell culture and animal models, genomic and proteomic approaches to studying cancer. * Cancer-associated disease: cancer pain, cachexia, symptoms associated with treatment (hair loss, anaemia, gastrointestinal disease), psychosocial aspects of cancer. * Ethical, legal and social issues surrounding cancer research: trial design, genetic screening, public and professional education, research policy and advocacy. * Conventional approaches to cancer diagnosis and treatment: how do they perform, what are their drawbacks and how might they be improved in the future?.

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals.Subjects covered * Acute coronary syndromes * Arrhythmias * Angina and coronary artery disease * Cardiomyopathy and heart failure * Concomitant disease * Congenital disease * Intervention (devices, reperfusion, revascularization, surgery and transplantation) * Disease markers * Genetics * Hypertension * Imaging and other investigations * Infection * Pathology * Public health * Stroke * Therapy (pharmacotherapy, dietary, exercise) * Thrombosis * Valvular disease * Vascular disease (including aneurysm, atherosclerosis, peripheral vessels, Raynaud).

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery is a monthly journal aimed at everyone working in the drug discovery and development arena. In addition to the highest-quality reviews and perspectives covering the entire field, each issue includes news stories that investigate the hottest topics in drug discovery, timely summaries of key primary research papers, and concise updates on the latest advances in fast-moving areas such as new drug approvals, patent law and emerging industry trends.Subjects covered * Target discovery * Rational drug design * Combinatorial and parallel synthesis * Medicinal chemistry * Key compound classes * Natural products * High-throughput screening * Novel therapeutic approaches to disease states * Microarrays * Bioinformatics and chemoinformatics * Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) * Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics * Pharmacology * Toxicology * Pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics * Drug delivery * Biopharmaceuticals * Biotechnology * Vaccines * Clinical trial evaluation * Regulatory issues * Pharmacoeconomics.

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.

The ultimate aim of cancer research is to eliminate this common and devastating disease from the human population. To develop more effective prevention methods we need to understand what triggers carcinogenesis. To diagnose precancerous lesions and early-stage cancers quickly and accurately we need to detect the earliest molecular changes leading to each type of cancer. To determine a patient's prognosis we need to appreciate which molecular changes affect tumour growth rate and invasiveness. And to tailor therapies to individual tumours we need to understand the fundamental differences, not only between a cancer cell and a 'normal' cell, but also between one cancer cell and another. All of these goals depend on a combination of basic and applied research. Nature Reviews Cancer will be a gateway from which cancer researchers — from those investigating the molecular basis of cancer to those involved in translational research — access the information that they need to further the ability to diagnose, treat and ultimately prevent cancer.

To an extent, all life scientists are geneticists because genetic technology and the accumulation of genomic information have enriched all of biology. You may or may not call yourself a geneticist, but if you work on or with genes you need to know about the latest developments. Nature Reviews Genetics covers the full scientific breadth of modern genetics, capturing its excitement, diversity and implications.Subjects covered * Genomics: genome sequencing, genome projects, bioinformatics, cancer genomics, metagenomics, pharmacogenomics, resources * Functional genomics: transcriptomics, functional genomics screens, bioinformatics * Evolutionary genetics: evo-devo, genome evolution, comparative genomics, population genetics, phylogenetics * Technology: new techniques, experimental strategies, therapy, applied genetics and genomics, computational biology * Gene expression: gene regulatory elements, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, regulatory RNAs, broad perspectives on gene regulation, gene expression profiling, gene regulatory networks * Multifactorial genetics: complex traits, mapping strategies, technology, genetic variation * Disease: disease gene identification, relationship between genotype and phenotype, molecular pathology of genetic disease, complex disease, disease susceptibility/resistance * Chromosome biology: DNA elements, telomeres, centromeres, mobile elements, chromosome stability, DNA damage, meiosis and mitosis, nuclear organization, artificial chromosomes * Epigenetics: DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin structure, imprinting, chromatin remodeling, epigenomics * Developmental biology: patterning, differentiation, stem cells, reproductive technology * Systems and networks: systems biology, biological networks, synthetic biology, modelling * Ethical, legal and social implications of genetics and genomics.

Immunology is a diverse and growing discipline that can be defined as the study of the tissues, cells and molecules involved in host defence mechanisms. Immunologists attempt to understand how the immune system develops, how the body defends itself against disease, and what happens when it all goes wrong. Nature Reviews Immunology will provide in-depth coverage of immunology, from fundamental mechanisms to applied aspects. In addition to review articles, it will highlight recent developments and exciting new primary papers, as well as reflecting on the people, papers and events that have influenced the development of immunology.Subjects covered * Allergy and asthma * Autoimmunity * Antigen processing and presentation * Apoptosis in the immune system * Chemokines and chemokine receptors * Cytokines and cytokine receptors * Development and function of cells of the immune system * Development and function of cells of the immune system * Haematopoiesis * Infection and immunity * Immunotherapy * Innate immunity * Mucosal immunology * Regulation of the immune response * Signalling in the immune system * Transplantation * Development and function of cells of the immune system * Tumour immunology * Vaccine development.

The advent of new technologies and growing recognition of the enormous degree of microbial diversity has revolutionized our understanding of microbiology as a discipline. Microbiology is moving into a new era that focuses less on specific organisms and more on the processes and mechanisms that link them. Nature Reviews Microbiology embraces this new era by encompassing the discipline in its broadest sense. We take an integrated approach to microbiology, bridging fundamental research and its clinical, industrial and environmental applications to create a single information resource for all who share an interest in microbial life. Nature Reviews Microbiology publishes the highest-quality reviews and perspectives highlighting important developments in our understanding of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protozoa, their interaction with their environments, how these organisms are harnessed in human endeavour and their impact on society. Also featured are timely summaries of significant research papers, as well as monthly updates on the latest developments in microbial genomics, post-genomic biology and infectious diseases. In line with our ongoing ambition to overcome the traditional barriers between bacteriology, virology, mycology and archaeal and protozoan biology, articles are tailored to appeal to microbiologists of every persuasion and at every level. The scope of the journal encompasses, but will not be limited to, the following fields pertaining to bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protozoa: * Biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology * Genetics and genomics * Ecology, evolution and biodiversity * Cellular microbiology * Environmental microbiology * Pathogenesis and host defence * Clinical and diagnostic microbiology * Infectious diseases * Antimicrobial therapies and vaccines * Epidemiology and public health microbiology * Applied and industrial microbiology * Microbiology education * Microbiology and society.

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.Subjects covered * Acid-base, fluid and electrolyte disorders * Acute renal failure * Assessment of kidney function * Calcium magnesium and renal calculi * Diabetic nephropathy * Dialysis (including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, continuous renal replacement) * Genetics of renal disease * Glomerular diseases (including glomerulonephritis, FSGS, cryoglobulinemia) * Health economics * Hypertension * Imaging and radiology * Interstitial nephritis * Oncology * Other * Pathology * Pediatric nephrology * Progression of renal disease * Renal pharmacology * Risk factors and epidemiology * Transplant * Tropical nephrology * Vasculitis.

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals.Subjects covered * Aging and dementia * Brain imaging * Epilepsy * Genetics * Headache * Infectious disease * Injury, repair and rehabilitation * Movement disorders * Neural tube defects * Neurodegenerative disease * Neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation * Neurometabolic disorders * Neuromuscular disease * Neurooncology * Neuropsychiatric disorders * Neurosurgery * Public health * Ethics * Pain * Peripheral neuropathies * Sensory systems * Sleep * Spongiform encephalopathies * Stroke * White matter disease (including demyelinating and dysmyelinating disorders).

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.Subjects covered * Rheumatoid arthritis * Osteoarthritis * Metabolic bone disease (including osteoporosis, osteonecrosis and Paget disease of bone) * Connective tissue diseases (including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjögren disease and Raynaud phenomenon) * Spondyloarthropathies (including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis and psoriatic arthritis) * Acute inflammatory arthritis (including monoarthritis, oligoarthritis, polyarthritis, infectious/septic arthritis, crystal deposition diseases and Lyme disease) * The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (including polymyositis, dermatomyositis, juvenile dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis) * Fibromyalgia * Polymyalgia rheumatica * Vasculitis syndromes (including systemic vasculitides, and large, medium and small vessel vasculitides) * Periarticular rheumatic disease (including bursitis and tendonitis) * Pediatric rheumatic disease * Miscellaneous rheumatic diseases * Therapy (including pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, splinting, and complementary and alternative treatments) * Pain management * Rehabilitation * Epidemiology * Genetics * Immunology * Inflammation * Health services, economics and outcomes research.

Nature Reviews' clinical content is written by internationally renowned clinical academics and researchers and targeted towards readers in the medical sciences, from postgraduate level upwards. While intended to be read by practicing doctors, researchers and academics within a specialty, we aim to make all our articles accessible to readers working in any medical discipline.In-depth Reviews present authoritative, up-to-date information on a topic, placing it in the context of a field's history and development. Topical discussion and opinions are proffered in Perspectives and News & Views articles, and in the Research Highlights section we filter primary research from a range of specialty and general medical journals. Finally, Case Studies enable authors to present novel and interesting cases and discuss the most useful features to bear in mind for treating future cases.Subjects covered * Andrology and endocrinology * Benign prostatic hyperplasia * Biostatistics and clinical trials * Endourology and stones * Female urology * Imaging and radiology * Infections, inflammation and prostatitis * Male factor infertility * Pathology * Pediatric urology * Prostate cancer * Renal-cell cancer * Risk factors and epidemiology * Sexual dysfunction * Trauma and reconstruction * Upper urinary tract dysfunction, renal failure and transplantation * Urinary incontinence, urodynamics and lower urinary tract dysfunction * Urologic oncology (including nonprostatic cancer).

An international, peer-reviewed, open access journal covering all aspects of sleep science and sleep medicine, including the neurophysiology and functions of sleep, the genetics of sleep, sleep and society, biological rhythms, dreaming, sleep disorders and therapy, and strategies to optimize healthy sleep.

Founded in 1873, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology is edited on behalf of the German Society of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT), and the Sphingolipid Club. This monthly journal publishes invited reviews, original articles and short communications. Coverage focuses on new and significant information on drug action and toxicity of chemical compounds. Thus, its scope extends to all fields of experimental and clinical pharmacology as well as toxicology and includes studies in the fields of neuropharmacology and cardiovascular pharmacology as well as those describing drug actions at the cellular, biochemical and molecular levels. Short communications offer rapid publication of significant findings of current interest that represent a conceptual advance in the field.

Nefrología is the official publication of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. The Journal publishes articles on basic or clinical research relating to nephrology, arterial hypertension, dialysis and kidney transplants. It is governed by the peer review system and all original papers are subject to internal assessment and external reviews. NEFROLOGIA follows the publication requirements of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).